Nongqai — Police & Defence History Magazine

SOUTH AFRICAN FORCES HISTORY PRESERVED

Spioenkop

This chapter examines the Battle of Spioenkop (23–24 January 1900), one of the most decisive and tragic engagements of the Second Boer War. It outlines the British capture and subsequent loss of the summit due to poor reconnaissance, miscommunication, and tactical confusion. The narrative highlights key figures such as General Edward Woodgate, Dr Frederick Treves, General Joachim Christoffel Fourie, Captain Hendrik Frederik Slegtkamp, and international volunteers including Joseph and August Hammar and John Costas. The chapter integrates battlefield descriptions, personal accounts, medical details, and cultural artefacts to illustrate the human dimension of the conflict. It also traces how Boer tactical ingenuity, including actions at Aloe Knoll/Alwynkoppie, contributed to the British defeat. The legacy of Spioenkop is presented through graves, memorials, and later artistic depictions, underscoring its enduring place in South African and international military history.

SOUTH AFRICAN FORCES HISTORY PRESERVED

Brig. T. J. “Rooi Rus” Swanepoel, SOO

This document presents an early strategic memorandum written in the early 1970s by Brigadier T. J. “Rooi Rus” Swanepoel of the South African Police. Swanepoel, a key operational figure during the first armed confrontation with SWAPO at Ongulambashe on 26 August 1966, drew on his extensive field experience and intelligence work to formulate recommendations on countering emerging insurgent threats. The report itself reflects this background: “I was from July 1963 to September 1967 closely involved in the struggle against terrorist organisations such as the ANC, PAC, SWAPO, ZAPU, ZANU, UNITA and also FRELIMO…” After serving in the Security Branch, Swanepoel was transferred to the Johannesburg Flying Squad, from where he submitted this assessment to Police Headquarters. The memorandum outlines his views on guerrilla tactics, leadership selection, patrol discipline, weapons, fieldcraft, survival skills, and the creation of specialised hunter killer teams. Although written before the implementation of “Operation K”, many of his proposals demonstrate notable foresight and align closely with counter insurgency practices later adopted by the South African Police and Defence Force. The original document survived only in a faded copy. It was carefully retyped by the late Sarie van Niekerk, with Lt Gen Johan Ferreira assisting in deciphering the final illegible sections. With hindsight, Brig Swanepoel’s observations and recommendations appear remarkably prescient.